Effect of Brick Manufacturing Factories In Rural Area

 
   
                                                        :Introduction:  
Rural areas are also known as 'countryside' or a 'village' in India. It has a very low density of population. In rural areas, agriculture is the chief source of livelihood along with fishing, cottage industries, pottery etc. The quest to discover the real rural India still continues in great earnest. Almost every economic agency today has a definition of rural India.           It is desirable to set up industries in rural areas, to counterbalance the faster growth rate of urban areas. These rural industries, however, must be of a size appropriate to the local markets and to the social needs of the people. Small-scale plants, which can operate without electricity, are also particularly suitable for rural areas such as Brick Manufacturing Plant or Industry. In rural areas, small kilns known as clamp kilns are present which use coal for firing and has an energy consumption of about 1.5-3.0 MJ/kg4. The combustion of coal leads to serious environmental pollution and health problems. Impact of brick industries on air pollution, vegetation and human health has been studied. It has been shown that brick industries cause air pollution and land degradation besides decreasing herb density and causing nutrient disorders in plants/trees in immediate vicinity.  It has been reported that the workers in brick industries are prone to respiratory diseases such as silicosis, pneumonocosis and musculoskeletal disorders.
                                                              :Demand:
The large number of bricks are coming from the factory located in rural Areas, so it has very closed link with the demand of Brick Manufacturing Factory in rural areas. India is the one of the most densely populated country in the world. According to recent studies, India's population is approximately 124 crore and more than that gradually shifting from rural to urban regions. While in 1960 an estimated 75-80% of the population in lived in rural areas, this is expected to change to about 50% by the year 2020, the reasons for urbanization are manifold. India is the second largest production of bricks, after china The estimated brick production during 2000-2001 was close to 140 billon The Indian brick industries remains unorganized with more then 1,00,000 small production units clustered in basically rural areas of the country due to low populated area & comparatively low land cost. There is a lack of job opportunities in rural areas and a disparity in income compared with urban areas. Because agricultural land is becoming scarce, existing plots have to be divided and subdivided. There is also a lack of facilities in rural areas. Although the conditions from area to area may show differences, there is at least one common issue: all people need adequate shelter and housing. The provision of affordable housing for the low-income households who are the majority of the population is a serious problem in almost all places. This is particularly true in urban areas. At present many people are forced to live in slums and squatter settlements and these, given the expected continuing shift of populations from rural to urban areas. And for this large number of population we need more shelter place or housing units. And to full fill the desired amount of housing complex, it may be for the low income people or high income people we need record amount of bricks. It also use
 
   
to fulfil the industrial construction purpose, Road Construction purpose and many other like that.
:Advantages of brick manufacturing for rural development:
Before we are going to discuss about advantage of brick manufacturing for rural development atfirst we should discuss about the advantage of Brick. Then it will be automatically clear to us. Masonry structures are the oldest structures. These are structure built by using masonry units with mortar. The masonry units.
 Economical (Raw material is easily available)  Hard and durable  Compressive strength is good enough for ordinary construction  Different orientations and sizes give different surface textures  Very low maintenance cost is required  Demolishing of brick structures is very easy, less time consuming and hence economic  Reusable and Recyclable  Highly fire resistant  Produces less environmental pollution during manufacturing process
So this are the advantage of bricks. Now we are going to discuss about advantage of brick manufacturing in rural development. Since the Renaissance there are a very big affect of industries in modern social, cultural and  economical development. In this case in a rural undeveloped area of country where are no or less electricity, highway or something like modern technology. People are basically depend upon agriculture. But for the Brick manufacturing factory they can join there as a employee or something relative with that factory. The transportation system also developed with this factory. And the local people can also get some money by selling the soil from their agricultural field or pond etc. Like this here are many other advantages of brick manufacturing in rural area.
     :Types Of Bricks:
It is essential to know the type of bricks Bricks for properly understanding the masonry work. Brick can be many types depending on its quality, making process, its raw material and purpose of their using. In this post I'll describe the brick types for various criteria.
Depending on quality, bricks are three type -
 First class brick  Second class brick, and  Third class brick.
Depending on raw materials used for making bricks, it can be following types -
 Burnt clay brick  Fly ash clay brick  Concrete brick  Sand-Lime brick  Fire clay brick
Depending on using location, bricks can be two types -
 Facing brick, and  Backing brick.
Depending on weather resisting capability bricks are three types -
 Severe Weather grade (SW)  Moderate Weather grade (MW)  No Weather grade (NW).
Purpose of their using bricks can be following types -
 Common bricks  Engineering bricks.
                                 : Brick manufacturing Process:
Manufacturing of bricks consists of the following 4 operations or steps.
1. Preparation of brick clay or brick earth 2. Moulding of bricks 3. Air drying of bricks 4. Burning of bricks


1. PREPARATION OF BRICK CLAY OR BRICK EARTH In this step the soil is excavated in steps and then laid on leveled ground. Then the soil is cleaned of impurities such as vegetation matter, stones or pebbles etc. After removing impurities it is exposed to weather for few months. This is called the process of weathering. After completion of weathering process the soil is blended with other material to prepare good brick earth. Then the mixed soil is tempered by being thoroughly broken up, watered and kneaded. The tempering is usually done in pug mill.
 
   
2. MOULDING OF BRICKS Bricks are moulded in many ways depending on the quality of the product to be made. Generally the moulding is done in the following two ways
 Hand moulding  Machine moulding For hand moulding the tempered clay is forced in the mould in such a way that it fills all the corners of the mould. Extra clay is removed either by wooden strike or frame with wire. Mould is then lifted up and raw brick is left on ground.
Machine moulding is is used where large numbers of bricks are to be made. Machines used for moulding is generally of two types.
 Plastic clay machines  Dry clay machines In plastic clay machine the clay in plastic state is forced to rectangular openings of a size equal to the length and breadth of the bricks and are then cut into strips of thickness of the brick with wires in frames.
In dry clay machines, dry clay is reduced to powder, filled dry into mould by the machine and then are subjected to high pressure to form hard and well shaped bricks.


3. DRYING OF BRICKS Drying is usually done by placing the bricks in sheds with open sides so as to ensure free circulation of air and protection from bad weather and rains. The bricks are allowed to dry till they are left with 5 to 7 percent moisture content. The drying period usually varies from 7 to 14days. The moulded bricks are dried because of the following reasons.
 If damp bricks or green bricks are directly taken to burning then, they are likely to be cracked and distorted  To remove maximum moisture from the brick so as to save time and fuel during burning  To increase the strength of raw bricks so that they can be handled and stacked in greater heights in the kiln for burning without damage. 4. BURNING OF THE BRICKS It is the very important step in manufacture of bricks. Bricks may be burnt by two distinct methods given below.
 Burning in a clamp or Pazawah known as clamp burning  Burning in a flame kiln or Bhatta known as kiln burning In clamps, one batch of green bricks is heaped along with firewood, coal etc. and sealed with clay. It is then fired slowly to intense heat which may take many days. Modern kilns, however, permanent structures consisting of many chambers. There are intermittent and continuous kilns. Moulded clay is stacked in the chambers. They are then slowly dried and burned to high temperature and cooled. One cycle of loading, drying, burning, cooling and emptying may take as much as two weeks. These processes are carried out intermittently in intermittent kilns and in cyclic order in continuous kilns.  
   
                                              :Effect of On Rural Area: 
Effects On Environment: Though only a few studies have examined the effects of brick factories on the people who live near them, a wealth of data has been gathered on the health hazards to which these facilities expose their employees. Viewed together, these two bodies of research indicate that the industry poses serious threats to the well- being of rural communities. Studies have discovered an increase in respiratory, neurobehavioral, and mental illnesses among the residents of communities next to brick factories. In a major study, residents in the vicinity of a large brick factories were found to have “higher reporting of headaches, runny noses, sore throats, excessive coughing, diarrhea, and burning eyes.”  dust toxic syndrome.Evidence suggests that living near a brick factory compromises residents’ overall quality of life.   Effects on Groth in income: When Industries like Brick manufacturing factory locates in rural area, a significant impact on the local population may be anticipated. By providing alternative avenues of employment and encouraging in-migration of workers from other areas, industrial input may alter the socioeconomic composition of the developing region.  Effects on area development:  to full fill the desired amount of housing complex, it may be for the low income people or high income people we need record amount of bricks. It also use to fulfil the industrial construction purpose, Road Construction purpose and many other like that.                                                                      
                                                        :Conclusion:  
In addition it is pointed out that economic and environmental issues are two important but not absolute conditions for ensuring a sustainable development. A third dimension, the social dimension, has also to be accounted for because humans are integral parts of ecosystems. Humans and ecosphere are partners in ensuring a good quality of life. It follows that protecting natural resources, their composition, structure, and functions, is protecting humans and life on earth.
Finally, it is argued that as not all of these objectives can be maximized, it is important that trade-offs among them are analyzed and made clear and that any decision-making focusing on one or two of these dimensions may not lead to sustainable development.
In the last decades substantial improvements have been achieved in the general knowledge of environment-economy interactions from both the scientific/technical and economic viewpoint, including how future generations can be accounted for in decision-
     making. Considerable work has also been undertaken to analyses the interactions between some social aspects and natural resources depletion, though more investigation is still required in this area. Further investigation is also needed to understand and measure the interactions occurring simultaneously between the three dimensions.
As a result of this work, In case of Rural Industrialization the brick manufacturing factory play a significant role in terms of growth in economies as well as area development. Though they also play a destructive role in environment we have to focus in the positive part of this and have to try with great effort to control the pollution by fossil fuel by using alternate energy.        
   
   
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